The word "long (stranguria)" is seen both in historical and medical works in the Han Dynasty, but with much different meanings. In medical books, including Nei jing(Inner Canon), Wu shi er bing fang(Prescriptions for Fifty-two Diseases), and Wu wei yi jian(Medical Bamboo slips of Wuwei), Long refers to incontinence of urination. However, in historical books, Long is usually expressed as "pi long" , referring to different conditions, including lame, fatigue, and disability, all congenital or acquired renal deficient illness. It is also seen in unearthed documents as fei ji (disability) and "du long" , referring to congenital or postnatal severe diseases resulting in disability to do anything. Together with orphan, widow, widower, senility, and poverty without relatives for existence, all weak communities need to be supported and saved.

Long; Pi long; Du long